Prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and factors associated with sarcopenic obesity in older adults from a low middle income country: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the scientific evidences on the prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and factors related to sarcopenic obesity (SO) in Brazilian older adults. METHODS: this systematic review was based on searches of the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), and Scopus. The systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The inclusion criteria were: original articles of observational design that evaluated the presence of sarcopenic obesity in Brazilian older adults (≥60 years). Therefore, studies that investigated only obesity or sarcopenia, animal studies, review studies, congress publications, theses, dissertations, book chapters, editorials, letters to the editor, and newspaper articles were not included. RESULTS: The initial screening identified 549 records. After removing the duplicates, assessing the titles and abstracts, and the complete analysis of the papers, 12 studies were included in the review. The sample size of the studies ranged from 56 to 1373 subjects, most of them selected by convenience sampling (n = 11) and exclusively with women (n = 9). The prevalence of SO varied from 4.4% to 48.4%. No consensus was found on the diagnostic criteria for SO. The main associations identified were between SO and decrease in muscle strength, aerobic fitness, gait speed, and increase in frequency of frailty and cardiometabolic and inflammatory alterations. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological studies conducted so far in Brazil are heterogeneous, which limits the possibility of comparison between prevalence and distribution of sarcopenic obesity among older adults. Further studies with representative samples of the population are required to understand the magnitude of SO in this group.

Waist-to-height ratio and the conicity index are associated to cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly population. / Relação cintura/estatura e índice de conicidade estão associados a fatores de risco cardiometabólico em idosos.

The purpose of this study was to determine and compare a magnitude of the association between anthropometric indicators with risk of cardiometabolic risk in the elderly. This is a cross-sectional study with 402 elderly people attended by the Family Health Strategy in the city of Viçosa-MG. Risk factors for excess body fat, hypertension, blood glucose and serum lipid changes. An association between conicity index (CI) and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) with cardiometabolic risk factors was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. Sample was composed of 60.4% of women and 36.3% of overweight elderly. The connectivity index and a waist-to-height ratio were higher in 57.2% and 88.1% in the elderly, respectively. The results showed that the increase in body fat, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, glycemia and reduction of HDL-cholesterol are related to higher values of anthropometric indices evaluated. However, the waist-to-height ratio presented a greater magnitude of association with the cardiometabolic risk factors than the connectivity index.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar e comparar a magnitude da associação entre indicadores antropométricos com fatores de risco cardiometabólico em idosos. Trata-se de estudo transversal com 402 idosos atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de Viçosa-MG. Os fatores de risco considerados foram o excesso de gordura corporal, hipertensão arterial, alteração da glicemia e dos lipídeos séricos. A associação entre o índice de conicidade (IC) e a relação cintura/estatura (RCE) com os fatores de risco cardiometabólico foi avaliada pela análise de regressão linear múltipla. A amostra foi composta por 60,4% de mulheres e 36,3% de idosos com excesso de peso. O índice de conicidade e a relação cintura/estatura estiveram elevados em 57,2% e 88,1% dos idosos, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento da gordura corporal, da pressão arterial diastólica, dos triglicerídeos, da glicemia e a redução do HDL-colesterol estão relacionados a maiores valores dos índices antropométricos avaliados. No entanto, a relação cintura/estatura apresentou maior magnitude de associação com os fatores de risco cardiometabólico do que o índice de conicidade.

Relação cintura/estatura e índice de conicidade estão associados a fatores de risco cardiometabólico em idosos / Waist-to-height ratio and the conicity index are associated to cardiometabolic risk factors in the elderly population

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar e comparar a magnitude da associação entre indicadores antropométricos com fatores de risco cardiometabólico em idosos. Trata-se de estudo transversal com 402 idosos atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família no município de Viçosa-MG. Os fatores de risco considerados foram o excesso de gordura corporal, hipertensão arterial, alteração da glicemia e dos lipídeos séricos. A associação entre o índice de conicidade (IC) e a relação cintura/estatura (RCE) com os fatores de risco cardiometabólico foi avaliada pela análise de regressão linear múltipla. A amostra foi composta por 60,4% de mulheres e 36,3% de idosos com excesso de peso. O índice de conicidade e a relação cintura/estatura estiveram elevados em 57,2% e 88,1% dos idosos, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstraram que o aumento da gordura corporal, da pressão arterial diastólica, dos triglicerídeos, da glicemia e a redução do HDL-colesterol estão relacionados a maiores valores dos índices antropométricos avaliados. No entanto, a relação cintura/estatura apresentou maior magnitude de associação com os fatores de risco cardiometabólico do que o índice de conicidade.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine and compare a magnitude of the association between anthropometric indicators with risk of cardiometabolic risk in the elderly. This is a cross-sectional study with 402 elderly people attended by the Family Health Strategy in the city of Viçosa-MG. Risk factors for excess body fat, hypertension, blood glucose and serum lipid changes. An association between conicity index (CI) and waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) with cardiometabolic risk factors was assessed by multiple linear regression analysis. Sample was composed of 60.4% of women and 36.3% of overweight elderly. The connectivity index and a waist-to-height ratio were higher in 57.2% and 88.1% in the elderly, respectively. The results showed that the increase in body fat, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, glycemia and reduction of HDL-cholesterol are related to higher values of anthropometric indices evaluated. However, the waist-to-height ratio presented a greater magnitude of association with the cardiometabolic risk factors than the connectivity index.

Predictive capacity of indicators of adiposity in the metabolic syndrome in elderly individuals / Capacidade preditiva de indicadores de adiposidade sobre a síndrome metabólica em idosos

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the predictive ability of adiposity indicators as MetS predictors in elderly individuals. Methods Cross-sectional study enrolled in the Estratégia Saúde da Família (Family Health Strategy). Anthropometric measurements were measured. Body Mass Index, Waist-Hip Ratio, Waist-Height Ratio, Conicity Index and Body Adiposity Index were calculated. Blood was collected and resting blood pressure was measured. MetS was classified according to the harmonizing criteria. The predictive ability of anthropometric variables was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. Results Regarding male individuals, our research indicates that the BMI, Waist-Height Ratio and Waist Hip Ratio are better predictors and they are equivalent to each other. As for female individuals, results show that the Body Mass Index and Waist-Height Ratio are better predictors and equivalent to each other. Conclusion Waist-Height Ratio and Body Mass Index are good MetS predictors for elderly individuals, especially among men. More research in this area is important. Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. (Viçosa University Ethics Committee in Research with Human Beings) (nº 039/2011).

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo objetivou avaliar a capacidade preditiva dos indicadores de adiposidade como preditores da Síndrome Metabólica em idosos. Métodos Trata-se de estudo transversal com idosos inscritos na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Foram aferidas medidas antropométricas e calculados o Índice de Massa Corporal, a Relação Cintura-Quadril, a Relação Cintura-Estatura, o Índice de Conicidade e o Índice de Adiposidade Corporal. Foi coletada amostra sanguínea e aferida a pressão arterial de repouso. A Síndrome Metabólica foi classificada de acordo com os Critérios Harmonizados. A capacidade preditiva das variáveis antropométricas foi avaliada por meio das curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic. Resultados Para o sexo masculino, o Índice de Massa Corporal, a Relação Cintura-Estatura e a Relação Cintura-Quadril são melhores preditores e equivalentes entre si. Já para o sexo feminino, os dois primeiros são melhores preditores e equivalentes entre si. Conclusão Concluiu-se que o Índice de Massa Corporal e a Relação Cintura-Estatura são bons preditores da Síndrome Metabólica em indivíduos idosos, especialmente entre homens. Mais investigações nesse âmbito se fazem importantes. Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. (nº 039/2011).

Chronic joint symptoms in adults: A population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze factors associated with chronic joint symptoms (CJS) in adults. METHOD: A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of 1,217 adults aged between 20 and 59 years, in the city of Viçosa, in 2014. The sampling process was performed by conglomerates and sample was selected using a two-stage cluster-sampling scheme. First, 30 of the 99 census tracts of Viçosa were randomly selected using a random sampling scheme, without replacement. Household questionnaires were applied to obtain CJS data, sociodemographic conditions, behavioral factors and health status. Multivariable analysis was conducted using Poisson regression, adjusted for the sampling design effect, using the svy commands in Stata software. RESULTS: Prevalence of CJS totaled 31.27%, significantly higher in women (18.45). Age ranges 40-49 (PR 1.50; 95CI 1.16-1.92) and 50-59 years (PR 1.55; 95CI 1.07-2.25); overweight (PR 1.60; 95CI 1.28-2.00); obesity (PR 1.60; 95CI 1.11-2.29); and those who self-reported performing heavy work (PR 1.27; 95CI 1.09-1.48) showed higher prevalences of CJS. CONCLUSION: Women and individuals who were older, overweight and performing heavy work had a higher risk of CJS in this adult population residing in Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

Chronic joint symptoms in adults: A population-based study / Sintomas articulares crônicos em adultos: um estudo de base populacional

Summary Objective: To analyze factors associated with chronic joint symptoms (CJS) in adults. Method: A population-based, cross-sectional study was performed with a sample of 1,217 adults aged between 20 and 59 years, in the city of Viçosa, in 2014. The sampling process was performed by conglomerates and sample was selected using a two-stage cluster-sampling scheme. First, 30 of the 99 census tracts of Viçosa were randomly selected using a random sampling scheme, without replacement. Household questionnaires were applied to obtain CJS data, sociodemographic conditions, behavioral factors and health status. Multivariable analysis was conducted using Poisson regression, adjusted for the sampling design effect, using the svy commands in Stata software. Results: Prevalence of CJS totaled 31.27%, significantly higher in women (18.45). Age ranges 40-49 (PR 1.50; 95CI 1.16-1.92) and 50-59 years (PR 1.55; 95CI 1.07-2.25); overweight (PR 1.60; 95CI 1.28-2.00); obesity (PR 1.60; 95CI 1.11-2.29); and those who self-reported performing heavy work (PR 1.27; 95CI 1.09-1.48) showed higher prevalences of CJS. Conclusion: Women and individuals who were older, overweight and performing heavy work had a higher risk of CJS in this adult population residing in Viçosa, MG, Brazil.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados aos sintomas articulares crônicos (SAC) em adultos. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 1.217 adultos, na faixa etária de 20 a 59 anos, na cidade de Viçosa, MG, 2014. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerados em duplo estágio, sendo as unidades de primeiro estágio os setores censitários, e, em seguida, os domicílios. Foram sorteados 30 setores dentre os 99 de Viçosa, por meio de amostragem casual simples, sem reposição. A coleta de dados foi composta por aplicação de questionário contendo questões relativas a variáveis de SAC, sociodemográficas, comportamentais e de saúde. Para verificar as associações, apresentaram-se proporções, razões de prevalência e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. A análise múltipla foi realizada por meio da regressão de Poisson, utilizando o conjunto de comandos svy do software Stata, o qual considera o efeito da expansão da amostra na análise dos dados. Resultados: A prevalência estimada de SAC foi de 31,27%, maior nas mulheres (18,45%). Estiveram associadas ao SAC as mulheres (RP 1,49; IC95% 1,23-1,81); as idades de 40 e 49 (RP 1,50; IC95% 1,16-1,92) e 50 e 59 anos (RP 1,55; IC95% 1,07-2,25); o sobrepeso (RP 1,60; IC95% 1,28-2,00); a obesidade (RP 1,60; IC95% 1,11-2,29); e aqueles que autorreferiram realização de trabalho pesado (RP 1,27; IC95% 1,09-1,48). Conclusão: O sexo feminino, a faixa etária de 40 a 59 anos, o sobrepeso, a obesidade e a realização de trabalho pesado foram fatores de risco para SAC em adultos de Viçosa, MG.

Association between triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular risk factors among elderly persons receiving care under the family health strategy of Viçosa, Minas Gerais / Associação entre razão Triglicerídeos e HDL-colesterol e fatores de risco cardiovascular em idosos atendidos na estratégia saúde da família de Viçosa, MG

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) ratio and cardiovascular risk factors among the elderly. Method: A cross-sectional epidemiological study with a random sample of elderly persons (n=349) of both genders, who received care under the Family Health Strategy in the municipality of Viçosa, in the state of Minas Gerais, was performed. Cardiovascular risk was calculated by the relationship between the TG and the HDL-c levels, with values greater than 3.5 considered a risk. Social and economic variables, lifestyle, noncommunicable chronic diseases, serum glucose levels, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index were evaluated. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate the association between the TG/HDL-c ratio and other variables. Variables associated with the dependent variable with a level of significance lower than 0.20 in univariate regression analysis were included in the final model (stepwise-forward), applying a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The highest TG/HDL-c ratio values were associated with the presence of hypertension, having been or currently be a smoker, having elevated serum glucose and an increased waist circumference. Conclusion: The findings reflect the importance of studies on cardiovascular risk in the elderly, as health professionals should be familiar with the parameters that classify at risk individuals. The TG/HDL-c ratio is a reliable classification method that is easy to apply and correlates closely with adverse health effects. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre razão Triglicerídeos e HDL-colesterol (TG/HDL-c) e fatores de risco cardiovascular em idosos. Método: Estudo epidemiológico transversal, com amostra probabilística de idosos (n=349), de ambos os sexos, atendidos na Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Viçosa, MG. O risco cardiovascular foi calculado pela relação entre os níveis de TG sobre os níveis de HDL-c, sendo considerado em risco um valor maior que 3,5. Foram investigadas variáveis sociais e econômicas de estilo de vida, doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, níveis séricos de glicose, circunferência da cintura (CC) e índice de massa corporal. Para avaliar a associação entre a razão TG/HDL-c e as demais variáveis, foi utilizada regressão linear múltipla. As variáveis que se associaram à variável dependente com nível de significância menor que 0,20, na análise de regressão univariada, foram incluídas no modelo final (Stepwise-forward), adotando-se nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: Os maiores valores da razão TG/HDL-c associaram-se com a presença da hipertensão arterial, ter sido ou ser fumante, apresentar elevados níveis séricos de glicose e possuir maior CC. Conclusão: Os achados refletem a importância de estudos sobre risco cardiovascular em idosos, devendo os profissionais da área da saúde ter familiaridade com os parâmetros que classificam os indivíduos com risco cardiovascular, sendo a razão TG/HDL-c um método confiável, com fácil aplicabilidade e boa correlação com efeitos adversos à saúde. AU

Dietary patterns of the elderly: characteristics and association with socioeconomic aspects / Padrão alimentar de idosos: caracterização e associação com aspectos socioeconômicos

Abstract Objective: To investigate the association between dietary patterns and the socioeconomic aspects of elderly patients registered with the Family Health Strategy in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Method: A cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample was employed. To identify dietary patterns, dietary intake was assessed through a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) adapted for an elderly population. From the FFQ dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. After the identification of the dietary patterns, logistic regression was performed considering each different dietary pattern and the related socioeconomic variables. Results: The consumption of a Fat and sugar pattern was greater among women and lower in elderly persons who considered themselves as mixed race. The consumption of the Balanced pattern was also lower among mixed race, married individuals, with one to four years of schooling and from the CDE economic classes. The Fruit and fish pattern was less consumed by elderly persons with 1-4 years of schooling, while the opposite was observed among those with five years or more of study. But the consumption of a Leafy vegetables pattern was lower among those with five or more years of schooling. Conclusion: The evaluation of the consumption of dietary patterns and the establishment of a relationship with the socioeconomic aspects of the elderly helps to achieve a better understanding of risk and protective factors for health. AU

Resumo Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre padrões alimentares e aspectos socioeconômicos de idosos atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família do município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal com amostra probabilística. Para identificação dos padrões alimentares, foi avaliado o consumo alimentar através de Questionário de Frequência de Consumo Alimentar (QFCA) adaptado para população idosa. A partir do QFCA, foram identificados padrões alimentares por meio da análise fatorial exploratória. Após a identificação de cada padrão alimentar, foram realizadas regressões logísticas, considerando cada diferente padrão alimentar e as variáveis socioeconômicas relacionadas. Resultados: O consumo do padrão alimentar Gordura e açúcar foi maior no sexo feminino e menor em idosos que se consideravam pardos. O consumo do padrão Balanceado também foi inferior em indivíduos pardos, casados, com um a quatro anos de escolaridade e da classe econômica CDE. O padrão Frutas e peixes foi menos consumido por idosos com escolaridade de um a quatro anos, sendo o contrário observado naqueles com cinco anos ou mais de estudo. Já o padrão de consumo Folhosos foi menor naqueles com cinco ou mais anos de escolaridade. Conclusão: A avaliação dos padrões de consumo e o estabelecimento de relações com aspectos socioeconômicos da população idosa auxiliam na melhor compreensão dos fatores de risco e proteção para saúde. AU

Prevalence and factors associated with physical inactivity among the elderly: a population-based study / Prevalência e fatores associados à inatividade física em idosos: um estudo de base populacional

Abstract Objectives: To determine the prevalence of physical inactivity among elderly individuals in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais and identify associated factors. Method: A cross-sectional population-based study of 621 elderly persons was conducted in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. The dependent variable was physical inactivity, defined by the question "Do you practice some kind of physical activity?" The definition of the term "physical activity" was restricted to activities performed regularly, for at least 20 minutes, three times a week, disregarding domestic, industrial and transportation activities. The independent variables were age; gender; education; self-rated health; functional capacity; history of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and osteoporosis; overweight; risk of metabolic disorders; smoking; number of medical appointments; history of hospitalizations in the last year and private health insurance. Descriptive analysis and multiple Poisson regression were used. Results: The prevalence of physical inactivity was 70.1% (95% CI: 66.0%-74.0%). The associated factors were the male gender, aged over 80 years, less educated, low functional capacity, smokes and did not have private health insurance. Conclusion: The high prevalence of physical inactivity and its associated factors indicate the need to develop systematic approaches to improve public policies directed at this age group.

Resumo Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência de inatividade física entre idosos do município de Viçosa-MG e identificar seus fatores associados. Método: Estudo transversal de base populacional conduzido no município de Viçosa-MG com 621 idosos. Considerou-se como variável dependente a inatividade física, definida pela questão: "O(a) senhor(a) pratica alguma atividade física?" A prática de atividade física considerada restringiu-se àquela realizada regularmente, por pelo menos 20 minutos, três vezes por semana, desconsiderando-se as atividades domésticas, laborais e no deslocamento. As variáveis independentes foram: idade; sexo; escolaridade; autopercepção da saúde; capacidade funcional; história de diabetes, hipertensão, dislipidemias e osteoporose; excesso de peso; risco de alteração metabólica; tabagismo; número de consultas; história de internação hospitalar no último ano e possuir plano privado de saúde. Realizou-se análise descritiva e análise de regressão de Poisson múltipla. Resultados: A prevalência de inatividade física foi de 70,1% (IC 95%: 66,0%-74,0%). Os fatores associados foram sexo masculino, ter idade acima de 80 anos, menor escolaridade, capacidade funcional inadequada, fumar e não possuir plano de saúde privado. Conclusão: A alta prevalência de inatividade física e seus fatores associados indicam a necessidade de desenvolvimento de estratégias sistemáticas para aprimorar as políticas públicas direcionadas para esse grupo etário.

Prevalence and factors associated with vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly from Viçosa/MG, Brasil / Prevalencia y factores asociados a la deficiencia de vitamina B12 en ancianos de Viçosa/mg, Brasil

The prevalence of vitamin B12 nutritional deficiency increases with age and it is particularly common in elderly people. The objective this study was determining its prevalence and the factors associated with this condition in non-institutionalized elderly from Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Methods: a cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in order to identify the prevalence and the factors associated with vitamin B12 deficiency among the elderly population in Viçosa (MG). Data were collected from August 2011 to June 2012, by means of a household survey and hematological and biochemical tests performed in 340 elderly. Results: the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in this group was 17.4% (95% CI, 13.4% - 21.4%). Cognitive impairment appears to be an important factor related to vitamin B12 deficiency. Conclusions: the current paper contributes to studies that emphasize some factors that may affect elderly performance in their natural aging process, especially when these factors are associated with cognitive impairment and lead to significant disability and loss of quality of life. Thus, the herein presented results were able to provide more comprehensive knowledge on the relation between B12 deficiency and its impact on this population. They also proved to be relevant for planning public health programs and initiatives that target on this age group (AU)

La prevalencia de deficiencia nutricional de vitamina B12 aumenta con la edad y es especialmente común en la población mayor. El objetivo de este estudio consistió en determinar su prevalencia y los factores asociados a esta carencia en mayores no institucionalizados de Viçosa, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: estudio poblacional interseccional, realizado para identificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a deficiencia de vitamina B12 entre la población de mayores en Viçosa (MG). Los datos fueron recopilados desde agosto de 2011 hasta junio de 2012 mediante una encuesta en los hogares y pruebas hematológicas y bioquímicas realizadas en 340 mayores. Resultados: la prevalencia de deficiencia de vitamina B12 en este grupo fue del 17,4% (95% CI, 13,4% - 21,4%). La deficiencia cognitiva se presenta como un factor importante relacionado con la deficiencia de vitamina B12. Conclusiones: el informe actual contribuye a los estudios que destacan ciertos factores que podrían afectar al rendimiento de las personas mayores en su proceso de envejecimiento natural, especialmente cuando estos factores están asociados con deficiencia cognitiva y dan lugar a una discapacidad significativa así como pérdida de calidad de vida. Así, los resultados aquí presentados han servido para aportar un conocimiento más comprensivo sobre la relación entre deficiencia de B12 y su impacto sobre este grupo de población. También han demostrado su relevancia de cara a la planificación de programas e iniciativas de salud pública centrados en este grupo de población (AU)

Lipid profile and associated factors among elderly people, attended at the Family Health Strategy, Viçosa/MG / Perfil lipídico y factores asociados en los ancianos atendidos en la estrategia de Salud de La Familia, Viçosa/MG

Background: the aging population has been accompanied by epidemiological changes of the Brazilian population, with the highlight being the continued growth of the prevalence of non-communicable chronic diseases especially cardiovascular or artery-coronary, resulting from changes in the lipid profile of the elderly. Objective: this study had the aim to describe the behavioral, anthropometric, lifestyle and body composition factors and their association with changes in the lipid profile of elderly people. Methodology: the sample included 402 participants attended at the Family Health Strategy, Viçosa (MG), to which a questionnaire with socio-demographic, behavioral and lifestyle information was applied. Blood sample was collected to obtain the lipid fractions, and the weight, height, waist circumference and body fat percentage were measured. Multiple linear regression was performed to identify independently associated factors with changes in each of the selected lipid fractions. Results: the factors independently associated with increased levels of total cholesterol were the presence of sedentary behavior, high body fat percentage, greater waist height and greater waist circumference. The consumption of alcoholic beverages and a higher waist-hip ratio remained independently associated with decreased high-density lipoprotein levels. The increased waist circumference was independently associated with low values of the low-density lipoprotein levels. The value of increased triglyceride was independently associated with higher waist-hip ratio, higher body mass index and smoking. Conclusions: modifiable risk factors associated with a changed lipid profile should be prioritized among the actions to be considered in structuring health programs for the elderly (AU)

Introducción: el envejecimiento de la población ha ido acompañado de cambios epidemiológicos de la población brasileña, destacando el crecimiento continuo de la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, especialmente cardiovasculares o de la arteria coronaria, como resultado de los cambios en el perfil lipídico de las personas mayores. Objetivo: describir las variables antropométricas, estilo de vida y composición corporal como factores de comportamiento y su asociación con los cambios en el perfil lipídico de las personas de edad avanzada. Metodología: la muestra incluyó a 402 participantes que asistieron a la Estrategia Salud de la Familia, Viçosa (MG), a los que se aplicó un cuestionario con información socio-demográfica, de comportamiento y de estilo de vida. Se recogió una muestra de sangre para obtener las fracciones de lípidos, y se midió el porcentaje de peso, talla, circunferencia de la cintura y grasa corporal. La regresión lineal múltiple se realizó para identificar factores independientemente asociados con los cambios en cada una de las fracciones de lípidos seleccionados. Resultado: los factores asociados de forma independiente con un aumento de los niveles de colesterol total fueron la presencia de conducta sedentaria, un porcentaje de grasa corporal alto, mayor altura de la cintura y una mayor circunferencia de la cintura. El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y una proporción cintura-cadera más alta se mantuvo asociado de forma independiente con la disminución de los niveles de lipoproteínas de alta densidad. El aumento de la circunferencia de la cintura se asoció de forma independiente con valores bajos de los niveles de lipoproteínas de baja densidad. El valor del aumento de triglicéridos se asocia de forma independiente con una mayor relación cintura-cadera, un mayor índice de masa corporal y tabaquismo. Conclusión: los factores de riesgo modificables asociados con un perfil lipídico cambiado deben priorizarse entre las acciones a considerar en la estructuración de los programas de salud para los ancianos (AU)

Anthropometric indicators of obesity as predictors of cardiovascular risk in the elderly.

BACKGROUND: Various anthropometric indicators can be used as predictors of cardiovascular risk in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the predictive capacity of anthropometric measurements in identifying cardiovascular risk in elderly patients at the Family Health Strategy of Viçosa-MG. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross-sectional epidemiological study with 349 elderly persons. Cardiovascular risk was calculated using the ratio of triglyceride levels with HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) levels. The anthropometric variables measured were waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and conicity index. A biochemical assessment of triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol was performed. The anthropometric measurements were also related to cardiovascular risk using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS: The observed results suggest that all these anthropometric indexes can be used to predict cardiovascular risk in males. However, in females, only BMI showed predictive capacity. The cutoff points identified appeared very close to the cutoffs recommended and recognized in other studies, with the exception of waist circumference measured at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest, which showed a considerable difference. CONCLUSION: All anthropometric indices can be used to predict cardiovascular risk in males and females. Waist circumference at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest was the best anthropometric measure to predict cardiovascular risk in males and smaller waist circumference and waist-height were the best anthropometric measures in females.

Introducción: diversos indicadores antropométricos se pueden utilizar como predictores de riesgo cardiovascular en los ancianos. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad predictiva de las medidas antropométricas en la identificación de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes ancianos en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de Viçosa-MG. Metodología: se realizó un estudio epidemiológico transversal con 349 ancianos. El riesgo cardiovascular se calculó mediante la relación de los niveles de triglicéridos con niveles de HDL-colesterol (TG / HDL-c). Las variables antropométricas medidas fueron: circunferencia de la cintura, índice de masa corporal, relación cintura-altura e índice de conicidad. Se realizó una evaluación bioquímica de triglicéridos y HDL-colesterol. Las mediciones antropométricas también estaban relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular utilizando la característica (ROC) Curvas Receiver Operating. Resultados: los resultados observados indican que todos estos índices antropométricos se pueden usar para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en los hombres. Sin embargo, en las mujeres, solo el IMC mostró capacidad predictiva. Los puntos de corte identificados aparecieron muy cerca de los puntos de corte recomendados y reconocidos en otros estudios, con la excepción de la circunferencia de la cintura, que se mide en el punto medio entre la última costilla y la cresta ilíaca, que mostró una diferencia considerable. Conclusión: todos los índices antropométricos se pueden usar para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en hombres y mujeres. La circunferencia de la cintura en el punto medio entre la última costilla y la cresta ilíaca era la mejor medida antropométrica para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en los varones y la circunferencia de cintura más pequeña y cintura-altura fueron las mejores medidas antropométricas en las mujeres.

Anthropometric indicators of obesity as predictors of cardiovascular risk in the elderly / Los indicadores antropométricos de obesidad como predictores de riesgo cardiovascular en los ancianos

Background: various anthropometric indicators can be used as predictors of cardiovascular risk in the elderly. Objective: Evaluate the predictive capacity of anthropometric measurements in identifying cardiovascular risk in elderly patients at the Family Health Strategy of Viçosa-MG. Methodology: this was a cross-sectional epidemiological study with 349 elderly persons. Cardiovascular risk was calculated using the ratio of triglyceride levels with HDL-cholesterol (TG/HDL-c) levels. The anthropometric variables measured were waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-height ratio, and conicity index. A biochemical assessment of triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol was performed. The anthropometric measurements were also related to cardiovascular risk using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: the observed results suggest that all these anthropometric indexes can be used to predict cardiovascular risk in males. However, in females, only BMI showed predictive capacity. The cutoff points identified appeared very close to the cutoffs recommended and recognized in other studies, with the exception of waist circumference measured at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest, which showed a considerable difference. Conclusion: all anthropometric indices can be used to predict cardiovascular risk in males and females. Waist circumference at the midpoint between the last rib and the iliac crest was the best anthropometric measure to predict cardiovascular risk in males and smaller waist circumference and waist-height were the best anthropometric measures in females (AU)

Introducción: diversos indicadores antropométricos se pueden utilizar como predictores de riesgo cardiovascular en los ancianos. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad predictiva de las medidas antropométricas en la identificación de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes ancianos en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de Viçosa-MG. Metodología: se realizó un estudio epidemiológico transversal con 349 ancianos. El riesgo cardiovascular se calculó mediante la relación de los niveles de triglicéridos con niveles de HDL-colesterol (TG / HDL-c). Las variables antropométricas medidas fueron: circunferencia de la cintura, índice de masa corporal, relación cintura-altura e índice de conicidad. Se realizó una evaluación bioquímica de triglicéridos y HDL-colesterol. Las mediciones antropométricas también estaban relacionados con el riesgo cardiovascular utilizando la característica (ROC) Curvas Receiver Operating. Resultados: los resultados observados indican que todos estos índices antropométricos se pueden usar para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en los hombres. Sin embargo, en las mujeres, solo el IMC mostró capacidad predictiva. Los puntos de corte identificados aparecieron muy cerca de los puntos de corte recomendados y reconocidos en otros estudios, con la excepción de la circunferencia de la cintura, que se mide en el punto medio entre la última costilla y la cresta ilíaca, que mostró una diferencia considerable. Conclusión: todos los índices antropométricos se pueden usar para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en hombres y mujeres. La circunferencia de la cintura en el punto medio entre la última costilla y la cresta ilíaca era la mejor medida antropométrica para predecir el riesgo cardiovascular en los varones y la circunferencia de cintura más pequeña y cintura-altura fueron las mejores medidas antropométricas en las mujeres (AU)

Comparison of functional autonomy with associated sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, chronic diseases (CD) and neuropsychiatric factors in elderly patients with or without the metabolic syndrome (MS).

The objective of this study was to compare autonomy and its associated factors in the elderly with and without MS. This study was a cross-sectional evaluation comprised of 402 subjects aged 60 years or older, of both sexes, consulting at the Family Health program, in Viçosa/MG. Autonomy was classified according to the Group of Latin American Development to Maturity (GDLAM) protocol and MS according to classification of the International Diabetes Federation. The independent variables were sociodemographic gender, age, marital status, education, those related to lifestyle including levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior, neuropsychological aspects included depressive symptoms, level of cognition and the presence of CD. A multiple linear regression model was used to estimate associations of variables with autonomy in the elderly with or without the MS. In the elderly group without MS, autonomy was associated with increasing age, sedentary behavior and depressive symptoms. In the group of elderly patients with MS, in addition to these factors, autonomy was also associated with being illiterate, not being physically active and presenting chronic illness. It was concluded that the presence of MS worsened the functional autonomy of elderly persons.

Nutritional status and epidemiological profile of elderly people.

We intended to identify and evaluate the association between the socio-demographic and epidemiological characteristics of elderly people with their nutritional characteristics. This is a transversal study PMTI (from the Portuguese name of "Programa Municipal da Terceira Idade"), conducted at Viçosa, MG, Brazil. We analyzed 93 records of elderly people registered since 2006 and who underwent nutritional care. After having analyzed the questionnaire, we performed the descriptive and association analyses in the Epi Info (version 6.04) and Minitab softwares. Of the 93 analyzed records, most elderly people were women (80.4%), with an average of 72 years of age, of which 13.0% were long-lived people. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.4 kg/m(2), and 50.5% were overweight. We have found 26.8% elderly patients with hypertension, and 31.6% took antihypertensives. Elderly patients who were overweight are 4.54 times more likely to have arterial hypertension (odds ratio (OR)=4.54; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2-2.45). Only 7.5% smoked, 30.1% were alcoholics and 60.2% made physical activities. Inadequacies were found regarding the servings of fruits, dairy products, vegetables and sugars consumed. However, the servings of cereals, leguminous, meat and fat consumed were appropriate. This study showed that the nutritional diagnosis and the epidemiological and socio-demographic studies are critical tools to understand this population group, in addition to being important to the planning of health actions.